Peer-reviewed publications measuring the rotation of the earth

Optical gyroscopes

• Variations in the Earth’s rotation rate measured with a ring laser interferometer
  • “Here we report the observation of minute variations in the rotation rate of the Earth at the level of five parts per billion, namely, with a resolution of a few milliseconds over 120 days of continuous measurements.”
  • Link to Publication: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01286-x
• Variations in the Earth’s rotation rate measured with a ring laser interferometer
• How to Detect the Chandler and the Annual Wobble of the Earth with a Large Ring Laser Gyroscope
  • “The sensitivity and stability of large ring laser gyroscopes has improved so dramatically that we are now able to directly measure the combined effect of the Chandler and the annual wobble of the freely rotating Earth.”
  • Link to publication: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22107520
  • Direct PDF Download: How to Detect the Chandler and the Annual Wobble of the Earth with a Large Ring Laser Gyroscope
• Deep underground rotation measurements: GINGERino ring laser gyroscope in Gran Sasso
  • “The system provides Earth rotation rate measurements as well as seismic rotational data thanks to a dedicated architecture for laser remote control, data acquisition and data transfer.”
  • Link to published PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1702.02789.pdf
• Accurate measurement of the Sagnac effect for matter waves
  • “Here, we report the accurate test of the Sagnac effect for matter waves, by using a Cesium atom interferometer featuring a geometrical area of 11 cm2 and two sensitive axes of measurements. We measure the phase shift induced by Earth’s rotation and find agreement with the theoretical prediction at an accuracy level of 25 parts per million.”
  • Link to Publication: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn8009
  • Direct PDF Download: Accurate measurement of the Sagnac effect for matter waves
• Direct measurement of diurnal polar motion by ring laser gyroscopes
  • Analyses results from multiple earth rotation measurements.
  • Link to publication: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2003JB002803
  • Link to PDF: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2003JB002803
• Sensing earth’s rotation with a helium–neon ring laser operating at 1.15 μm
  • “In summary, we have successfully obtained unlocked rotation sensing of a large HeNe ring laser gyroscope in the infrared regime rate biased by the earth’s rotation alone.”
  • Link to published PDF: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/22f2/3ca364929ee96aa054b19fcaf2c83d0fd87d.pdf
• Experiment to Internally Measure the Earth’s Rotating Speed and the Calculation Comparison with the Relativistic Treatment
  • “In this paper it was clearly shown that it is possible to internally detect the rotation of Earth using the One Way interferometer where the one arm of the interferometer is built in an optically dense medium.”
  • Link to published PDF: https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v4n3p131
• Precision Rotation Measurements with an Atom Interferometer Gyroscope
  • “We have measured the Earth’s
    rotation rate, and demonstrated a short-term sensitivity to rotations of 2×10^-8 (rad/s) sqrt(Hz).”
  • Link: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2046
• Earth rotation measured by a chip-scale ring
  laser gyroscope 
  • “Here, we report a gyroscope using Brillouin ring lasers on a silicon chip. Its stability and sensitivity enable measurement of Earth’s rotation, representing a major milestone for this new class of gyroscope.”
  • Link to published article: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-0588-y

 

Measurements not based on optical gyroscopes

• The International Earth Rotation Service: Current Results for Research on Earth Rotation and Reference Frames
  • The IAU/IUGG International Earth RotationService (IERS) performs aunified analysis of geodetic VLBI, Lunar LaserRanging and satellite geodesy (Lageos, GPS) atthe milliarcsecond level or better – one to three cm on the surface of the Earth. Its celestial and terrestrial reference systems offer primary references for crustal deformation studies, oceanography, space geodesy and space navigation. Its time series of the Earth Orientation Parameters play a role in two main fields, 1) byproviding a permanent link between the primary reference frames, and 2) by describing the irregularities of the Earth’s rotation both in the long range (decades) and with high time resolution (hours), giving unique information on planetary scale geophysical phenomena.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(93)90217-Y
• Detection of the Earth’s rotation using superfluid phase coherence
  • “Using this device, we determine the Earth’s rotation rate to be a precision os 0.5% with the measurement time of one hour”
  • Link to publication in Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/386585a0
  • Link to PDF:  http://physics.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/_/detectionnature386585a0.pdf
  • Direct PDF download: Detection of the Earth’s rotation using superfluid phase coherence
• A Laboratory Method of Demonstrating the Earth’s Rotation
  • Also called the “Compton Generator”
  • https://doi.org/10.1126/science.37.960.803
  • Direct PDF Download: A Laboratory Method of Demonstrating the Earth’s Rotation-Compton 1913
• Detection of earth rotation with a diamagnetically levitating gyroscope
  • “…we have measured the earth rotation by using a 2 cm diameter plastic ball suspended in a magnetic field of about 15 T.”
  • Link to publication: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921452600007535
  • Direct PDF Download: Detection of earth rotation with a diamagnetically levitating gyroscope
• Using a MEMS gyroscope to measure the Earth’s rotation for gyrocompassing applications
  • “In this paper, it is demonstrated that the proposed system is capable of observing the Earth’s rotation”
  • Link to publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/2/025005
  • Direct PDF Download: Using a MEMS gyroscope to measure the Earths rotation for gyrocompassing applications
• Earth rotation measurement with micromechanical yaw-rate gyro
  • Link to publication: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/024/meta
  • Direct PDF Download: Earth rotation measurement with micromechanical yaw-rate gyro
• Transcontinental Baselines and the Rotation of the Earth Measured by Radio Interferometry
  • Link to publication: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/186/4167/920.long
  • Direct PDF Download: Transcontinental Baselines and the Rotation of the Earth Measured by Radio Interferometry
• An Apparatus for Measuring the Speed of Rotation of the Earth
  • This uses two 50cm spinning disks each with a mass of 30kg spinning around 2,400rpm.  This is suspended by a wire and allowed to rotate freely.
  • “…an agreement within 2 per cent was found to exist between the angular speed of the rotation of the earth as derived from these terrestrial motion phenomena and the astronomical earth rotation…”
  • Link to Publication: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24998181
  • Direct PDF Download: AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE SPEED OF ROTATION OF THE EARTH 1905
• Earth rotation prevents exact solid-body rotation of fluids in the laboratory
  • “These results show that setting a fluid in a perfect solid body rotation in a laboratory experiment is impossible — unless tilting the rotation axis of the experiment parallel to the Earth rotation axis.”
  • Link to published PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.4555.pdf